Model: the algorithm of infinite collapse

This page presents the model from beginning to end as a single algorithm. Numbers in brackets refer to the list of rules.

1. Collapse and pair (rules 1–3)

In the beginning there is an unbounded potential energy field. At one point of the field the first gravitational pull F₁ begins, and the field collapses towards the centre at constant speed and in equal steps. At step n the total that has reached the centre is n³ units; the new shell of that step is 3n² − 3n + 1 units.

One unit of every shell becomes a new pair: the open spectrum gives mass to the particle, the closed spectrum to the antiparticle. The remaining units of the shell are distributed to the pairs born earlier: a pair of age a receives 6a units at each step.

At every step the incoming energy equals the newborn pair plus the energy received by the earlier pairs. The process never stops.

2. Mass and record (rules 4–6, 31)

The energy a pair receives is never reset; it remains recorded in the pair. There is no split of the incoming energy: all 6a units become recorded oscillation, and mass is the sum of this record. The record of a pair of age a is 1 + 6 + 12 + … + 6a = 3a² + 3a + 1 units. The oldest pair is therefore the best fed, and no two pairs in the universe carry the same record; the open and closed members of one pair mirror each other and carry equal energy.

The smallest pair created by the unbounded field never disappears. Only the bonds within structures decay; the pairs survive and join new structures.

3. Structure: C₀, Y₀ and the seven sky layers (rules 7–8)

At the centre is C₀: 2 pairs. It is surrounded by the layer Y₀: 14 poles (6 main directions, corresponding to the 6 faces of a cube, and 8 intermediate directions, corresponding to its 8 corners), 8 pairs per pole, 112 pairs in total. Then come the seven sky layers G₁ … G₇. Layer j has 14ʲ poles with 2^T(j + 1) pairs per pole: G₁ carries 12 544, G₂ 2 809 856 and G₃ 1 258 815 488 pairs; in G₇ each of about 1.5 billion poles holds 2⁴⁵ pairs. The layers fill one pair per step in order; G₇ is full after about 5.19 × 10²² steps.

The layer constants follow S(n) = (n³ − n) · T(1) · … · T(n − 1) with G_k = S(k + 2): G₁ 72, G₂ 1 080, G₃ 21 600 … G₇ 41 150 592 000.

4. Saturation, breath and inner universes (rules 9–13)

A structure reaches saturation at most at G₇; it then collapses into itself and starts its own internal exchange of particles. This inner collapse is the structure's breath. The 14 poles of Y₀, each with an 8-pair centre, become the centres of 14 inner universes.

An inner universe grows by the same algorithm as the upper universe; only the unit is 112 pairs. The first 896 pairs arriving from above are the first two steps of the algorithm: 896 = 112 + 784, i.e. 8 = 1 + 7. Of the 784, 112 are a new unit and 672 feed the first unit. In the upper universe the oscillation is a pure-energy spectrum; in an inner universe the pure-energy oscillation continues, and the 8-pair centre and every settled unit also perform a particle oscillation.

Step n of an inner universe requires 112 × (3n² − 3n + 1) pairs; since the upper universe supplies 896 pairs per breath, the first n inner steps are completed in n³ / 8 upper breaths: the clock of an inner universe advances with the cube root of the number of upper breaths. The G₇ of an inner universe fills in 1 568 upper fillings; saturation of level k takes 1 568ᵏ fillings. The first breath is the filling of G₇ from zero (5.19 × 10²² steps); later breaths replace the missing pairs (12 544 steps).

5. Time: linear and cyclic (rules 14, 26, 27)

The collapse of the unbounded field at the top is linear: it never stops, and every collapse brings one pair. The time of bounded universes is cyclic: a structure is fed from above, builds its own internal cycle, and returns information from that cycle to the structure above. Some bonds formed in inner universes decay; the particles of a decayed bond either join new bonds directly or rise into the cycle of a higher system and descend again with a new unit, carrying their record. Pure-energy oscillation does not return upwards; only particles of decayed bonds do. The threshold of return is saturation.

6. Oscillations and light (rules 15–18, 28, 30)

Stable oscillation is dark; change is bright. Light is emitted when energy falls; breaking a bond or moving up a layer absorbs light. The local speed of light is the same everywhere; what slows down parabolically is the edge of the released field (the oscillation front). Free antiparticles observed in the laboratory are structures in which closed members dominate; the closed member of a smallest pair is never alone.

A further structure runs through the spectra, independent of them: the string network, spread over the 14 poles, without particles and unbreakable. It binds particles and carries information; it is not dark energy.

7. Expansion (rule 19)

Expansion is the growth of the oscillation front: a front grows with the 2/3 power of its own steps. Because the inner clock advances with the cube root, an observer measuring with their own clock sees the front of the structure above grow with the square of time; the exponents allowed by the model are 2/3, 2, 6 … Supernova distances require a single exponent of 1.4 ± 0.05; the single-exponent reading is therefore eliminated. Seeing the observer's own front (decelerating) together with the front above (accelerating) gives a universe that first decelerates and then accelerates; this reading is being tested.

8. The atom: bridge centre and anchors (rules 20, 21, 29, 32–34)

The atom carries all layers of the model on a small scale: protons and neutrons are Y₀, the inner centre of a nucleon is C₀, the electron cloud is G₁–G₇. Through internal transfer between layers the oldest, best-fed pairs collect in the nucleus; in the atom, too, almost all mass is in the nucleus. The measured proton-to-electron ratio (1 836.15) sets the model's clock: the accumulation time of the nucleus is 11.25 G₇ fillings (≈ 4.7 × 10¹⁹ breaths). The constancy of this ratio over billions of years implies that one G₇ filling lasts at least 3 × 10¹⁵ years.

The light we see is born in transitions between the layers of atoms; therefore 13.8 billion years is the time elapsed since the first light, measured by the own clock of the inner universe in which atoms reside. The number of breaths of the upper universe in the same time is one eighth of the cube of the number of inner steps.

9. Numbers given by the model

10. Where measurement will decide

• Eighth period. In its ground state an atom's electron cloud has at most seven shells: the eighth row of the periodic table does not fill. If element 119 or 120 is made and its chemistry shows an electron in an eighth shell, the prediction fails.
• Slow growth of the proton/electron ratio. Nucleus and cloud both grow; the nucleus is far older, so the ratio grows very slowly. A measurably different ratio in distant galaxies would refute the reading.
• Stability of the smallest pairs. The smallest pairs never decay by any channel. An observed decay would refute the rule.
• Accelerating expansion. The two-front reading must reproduce the shape of the supernova curve and the age of the oldest stars together.
• Next steps of the atom bridge. Shell capacities (2, 8, 18, 32), the ratio of ionisation energy to the first transition (4/3), the ratio of the colour factors (9/4), crystal systems (7) and lattices (14), and the distribution of codons.