Rules of the model
The rules of the model in one numbered list. Firm: basic and established rules; Anchor: mappings that match measurement exactly; Reading: consequences derived from the rules; Prediction and Under test: to be decided by measurement; Candidate: not yet tested; Withdrawn: readings that became invalid.
Foundations
| No | Status | Rule |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Firm | An unbounded potential field collapses towards the centre with F₁ at constant speed and in equal steps. At step n the total is n³ units and the new shell is 3n² − 3n + 1 units. |
| 2 | Firm | One unit of every shell becomes a new pair: the open spectrum gives mass to the particle, the closed spectrum to the antiparticle. A pair consists of an open and a closed member. |
| 3 | Firm | The remaining units of the shell are distributed to earlier pairs: a pair of age a receives 6a units per step (1, 6, 12, 18 …). The incoming energy equals the newborn pair plus the oscillation of all pairs. |
Mass
| No | Status | Rule |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | Firm | The energy accumulated by a particle is never reset and remains recorded in it. No two pairs in the universe carry the same energy; an earlier pair has always oscillated more. A particle re-entering a structure carries what it has gained. |
| 5 | Firm | There is no split of the incoming energy: all 6a units become recorded oscillation. Mass is the core unit plus the recorded oscillation; n³ = n + (n³ − n) is a single count. |
| 6 | Firm | The smallest pair created by the unbounded field never disappears. Decay occurs only in the bonds of internal structures. |
| 31 | Reading | The open and closed members of a pair carry equal energy and mirror each other. The uniqueness of rule 4 holds between pairs. (Measured: particle and antiparticle masses are equal.) |
Structure
| No | Status | Rule |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | Firm | The centre C₀ is 2 pairs. Around it Y₀: 14 poles × 8 pairs = 112 (6 main, 8 intermediate directions). Then the seven sky layers G₁–G₇: layer j has 14ʲ poles with 2^T(j+1) pairs per pole. Layers fill one pair per step; G₇ fills after about 5.19 × 10²² steps. |
| 8 | Firm | Layer constants follow S(n) = (n³ − n) · T(1) · … · T(n − 1); G_k = S(k + 2): G₁ 72, G₂ 1 080, G₃ 21 600 … G₇ 41 150 592 000. |
Inner universes
| No | Status | Rule |
|---|---|---|
| 9 | Firm | A structure saturates at most at G₇, then collapses into itself and starts its own internal particle exchange. The 14 poles of Y₀, each with an 8-pair centre, become the centres of 14 inner universes. This inner collapse is the structure's breath. |
| 10 | Firm | An inner universe grows by the same algorithm as the upper universe with a unit of 112 pairs. The first 896 pairs are the first two steps: 112 (inner Y₀) + 784 (second shell: 112 new unit + 672 oscillation). Pure-energy oscillation does not return to the top. |
| 11 | Firm | In the upper universe oscillation is a pure-energy spectrum. In inner universes pure-energy oscillation continues; in addition the 8-pair centre and every settled unit perform particle oscillation. |
| 12 | Firm | The upper universe supplies 896 pairs per breath; step n of an inner universe requires 112 × (3n² − 3n + 1) pairs. The first n inner steps are completed in n³ / 8 upper breaths: the inner clock advances with the cube root of the number of upper breaths. The inner G₇ fills in 1 568 upper fillings. |
| 13 | Reading | The first breath is the filling of G₇ from zero (5.19 × 10²² steps); later breaths replace missing pairs (12 544 steps). |
Time
| No | Status | Rule |
|---|---|---|
| 14 | Firm | There are two kinds of time. The collapse of the unbounded field is linear and never stops. Bounded universes have cyclic time: the same particles build structures through integration and information, structures decay, particles remain. |
| 26 | Firm | A structure is fed from above, builds its own internal cycle and returns information upwards. Some bonds in inner universes decay; their particles either join new bonds directly or rise into the cycle of a higher system and descend again with a new unit, carrying their record. Only bonds decay; pairs never disappear. |
| 27 | Reading | The threshold of upward return is saturation: when an inner universe saturates at G₇ and collapses, bonds that can no longer be fed decay. Pure-energy oscillation does not return; only particles of decayed bonds do. |
| 29 | Firm | The light we see is born in transitions between atomic layers; 13.8 billion years is the time since the first light measured by the own clock of the inner universe containing atoms. The upper universe's breaths in that time equal one eighth of the cube of the inner steps. The energy released in a transition is given by rule 32. |
Mappings
| No | Status | Rule |
|---|---|---|
| 15 | Firm | Dark energy is the pure-energy oscillation of the upper universe. The string network is not dark energy; it is a separate structure that binds particles and carries information. |
| 16 | Firm | Dark matter is the particle oscillation of inner universes: massive, non-radiating pairs outside structures. Visible matter consists of structural units; per shell, structure : oscillation = 1 : 6. |
| 17 | Firm | Antimatter is the closed member of every pair and is always bound. There is no matter/antimatter separation between layers; G₁–G₇ are ordinary matter. |
| 18 | Firm | The local speed of light is the same everywhere. The parabolically slowing speed is that of the oscillation front. |
| 19 | Under test | Expansion is the growth of the oscillation front (2/3 power of its own steps); an observer sees the front above grow with the square of time; allowed exponents 2/3, 2, 6 … The single-exponent reading was eliminated by supernovae (exponent 1.4 ± 0.05); the two-front reading is under test. |
| 22 | Candidate | The collapsing field that gives mass to the smallest particles corresponds to the historical ether; a possible modern counterpart is the Higgs field. |
| 28 | Reading | Light is the emission of a change of integration: when a particle joins or leaves a bond it releases the recorded energy difference. Stable oscillation is dark, change is bright. Light is emitted when energy falls; breaking a bond or moving up a layer absorbs light. |
| 30 | Reading | A free antiparticle observed in the laboratory is a structure in which closed members dominate; the closed member of a smallest pair is never alone. In annihilation structures dissolve, pairs survive, and the binding energy is released as light. |
Anchors and predictions
| No | Status | Rule |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | Anchor | Protons and neutrons ↔ Y₀, the inner centre of a nucleon ↔ C₀, the electron cloud ↔ G₁–G₇. The oldest pairs collect in the nucleus. The measured proton/electron ratio sets the clock: the accumulation time of the nucleus is 11.25 G₇ fillings. |
| 32 | Anchor | The binding energy of a layer is inversely proportional to the square of its order: E(G_k) ∝ −1 / k². Hydrogen's successive transition ratios (5.400 and 2.857) match exactly. |
| 33 | Anchor | The genetic code is step 4 of the model: 4 letters ↔ edge 4; 64 codons ↔ 4³; 20 amino acids ↔ (4³ − 4) / 3; double helix ↔ open/closed pair. |
| 34 | Anchor | The 14 poles of Y₀ form the strong-interaction network: 8 intermediate directions ↔ 8 gluons, 6 main directions ↔ 6 quark flavours, value 3 of the intermediate pole ↔ 3 colours. |
| 21 | Prediction | In its ground state an atom's electron cloud has at most seven shells: the eighth row of the periodic table does not fill. |
Withdrawn
| No | Rule and reason |
|---|---|
| 23 | "Measured expansion is the outside view of common mass growth." Withdrawn: with masses never reset, this reading would halve the proton/electron ratio within billions of years; measurement excludes it. |
| 24 | "Of the 896 pairs entering an inner universe, 784 scatter back to the top." Withdrawn: 784 is the second shell of the inner universe (rule 10). |
| 25 | "The atomic clock is 3.9 × 10⁷ breaths." Withdrawn: it assumed reset energies, contradicting rule 4. |